3. Daf Frequently used in Iranian and Kurdish music, the daf is a large frame drum also popular throughout other regions of the Middle East. Similar to the bendir, it typically has a larger diameter and metal rings on its interior. These rings vibrate as the drum is played, adding color to the rhythm. The daf produces a powerful, resonant sound, making it effective for providing a rhythmic foundation for large ensembles.
4. Riq Resembling a tambourine, the riq is a small frame drum adorned with small metal jingles. Primarily made from a wooden frame and a stretched leather head, the riq is ideal for rhythmic accents and embellishments in Middle Eastern music. Its dynamic nature allows it to be used in both fast and slow tempos, adding vitality to the music.
5. Tef Similar to the riq, the tef is a frame drum but slightly larger. Versions without jingles or metal pieces are also common, often used for more pronounced rhythmic accents. The tef provides a more defined attack in Middle Eastern music, particularly in folk music.
6. Dohol (Davul) The dohol is a traditional large drum used in various Middle Eastern regions for weddings, celebrations, and processions. It is double-headed, with one side producing a deep, resonant sound and the other a higher-pitched tone. The dohol, played with a beater or drumstick, delivers a powerful, deep sound.
7. Tombak (Zarb) The tombak or zarb holds a significant place in Iranian music but is also used in other parts of the Middle East. Typically carved from a single piece of wood and covered with leather, it offers a wide range of tones when played with the fingers and hands. The tombak is renowned for its rhythmic improvisation capabilities, particularly in solo performances.
Conclusion Percussion instruments form the bedrock of Middle Eastern music, guiding listeners on a rhythmic journey. Instruments like the darbuka, bendir, daf, riq, tef, dohol, and tombak each contribute unique rhythmic characteristics, enriching the music. Played with specific techniques, these instruments embody the spirit of Middle Eastern music and preserve its traditional essence. The rhythmic foundation laid by these percussion instruments is a hallmark of Middle Eastern music and reveals its emotional depth.